Unveiling Critical Awareness: Development and Validation of a Situation Awareness Questionnaire for Emergency Rooms

Situation awareness is vital for effective decision-making in emergency rooms. This study developed and validated the “Situation Awareness in the Emergency Room” questionnaire using a 6-month mixed-methods approach. Initial qualitative methods identified key components through interviews and focus groups, followed by quantitative validation with 569 respondents across 77 hospitals in Bali. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated excellent model fit (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.045, Comparative Fit Index = 0.96, Tucker-Lewis Index = 0.95) and strong factor loadings (>0.60). The questionnaire effectively measures General Awareness, Perception of Environment, Understanding of Situation, and Projection of Events, providing a reliable tool for clinical assessments and quality improvement.